Mode of access: World Wide Web.

System requirements: Adobe Acrobat reader.

Part of: Synthesis digital library of engineering and computer science.

Series from website.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-165).

1. Hyaline articular cartilage -- Composition, structure and function of hyaline cartilage -- Biochemical composition -- Structure -- Function -- Articular chondrocytes -- Chapter concepts -- 2. Cartilage aging and pathology: the impetus for tissue engineering -- Cartilage formation -- Chondrocyte condensation and differentiation -- Hypertrophy and ossification -- Aging -- Cartilage injuries -- Osteochondral, chondral defects, and microfractures -- Causes of cartilage injuries -- Repair responses to cartilage injury -- Costs of articular cartilage injuries -- Osteoarthritis -- Osteoarthritic changes in the matrix -- Proliferation, catabolism, and cell death -- Costs of arthritis -- Motivation for tissue engineering -- Chapter concepts -- 3. In vitro tissue engineering of hyaline articular cartilage -- The need for in vitro tissue engineering -- Cell source -- Scaffold design -- Natural scaffolds -- Synthetic scaffolds -- Composite scaffolds -- Scaffoldless -- Bioactive molecules -- Growth factors -- Protein coating and peptide inclusion -- Catabolic and other structure modifying factors -- Mechanical stimulation -- Chapter concepts -- 4. Bioreactors -- Direct compression -- Hydrostatic pressure -- Shear bioreactors -- Contact shear -- Fluid shear -- Perfusion bioreactors -- "Low-shear" bioreactors -- Hybrid bioreactors -- Chapter concepts.

5. Future directions -- Cell sources for the future -- A need for alternative cell sources -- Chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and other adult cell sources -- Chondrogenic differentiation of ESC -- Assessment and design standards for tissue engineering -- Biomechanical techniques -- Design standards - functional improvement versus regeneration -- Current and emerging therapies -- Non-surgical methods -- Surgical methods -- Immune response, immunogenicity, transplants -- Cellular and humoral responses -- Allogeneic transplants -- Xenogeneic transplants -- Business aspects and regulatory affairs in cartilage tissue engineering -- Regulatory bodies -- Device classifications and pathways to market -- Currently available products -- Chapter concepts -- Bibliography.

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Cartilage injuries in children and adolescents are increasingly observed, with roughly 20% of knee injuries in adolescents requiring surgery. In the US alone, costs of osteoarthritis are in excess of $65 billion per year (both medical costs and lost wages). Comorbidities are common with OA and are also costly to manage. Articular cartilage's low friction and high capacity to bear load makes it critical in the movement of one bone against another, and its lack of a sustained natural healing response has necessitated a plethora of therapies. Tissue engineering is an emerging technology at the threshold of translation to clinical use. Replacement cartilage can be constructed in the laboratory to recapitulate the functional requirements of native tissues. This book outlines the biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of articular cartilage in both normal and pathological states, through development and aging. It also provides a historical perspective of past and current cartilage treatments and previous tissue engineering efforts. Methods and standards for evaluating the function of engineered tissues are discussed, and current cartilage products are presented with an analysis on the United States Food and Drug Administration regulatory pathways that products must follow to market. This book was written to serve as a reference for researchers seeking to learn about articular cartilage, for undergraduate and graduate level courses, and as a compendium of articular cartilage tissue engineering design criteria.

Also available in print.

Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on November 4, 2009).